Normal and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Normal and Abnormal Psychology Essay Psychology is a science that studies the human mind and behavior, to understand and explain thoughts, emotions, and behavior of individuals. Psychology can be applied in different ways, such as mental health treatment, performance improvement or enhancement, self-help and other areas impacting the health and daily life of individuals. Psychology is generally a broad field of science, and there are multiple subfields or areas within it. Two subfields in particular that are going to be discussed in this paper are normal and abnormal psychology. An individual is categorized within these two subfields according to whether their social behavior and way of thinking is common or totally out of the norm. Normal Psychology studies the common or average human behavior of individuals. This particular area focuses mainly on understanding the way the individual thinks and reasons throughout their everyday life. This area does not involve any disorders or psychological illnesses, but instead it researches the human mind in trying to better understand the individual’s thought process and behavior. An individual who would be categorized under normal psychology would not display any mental illnesses, disorders, psychological problems or un-normal behavior. Abnormal Psychology studies abnormal human behavior as well as psychopathology of the individual. Abnormal refers to something that is not normal or out of the norm. This particular area of psychology focuses more on research and treatment for the abnormal behavior displayed by the individual. This area of psychology covers a wide variety of disorders such as depression, sexual deviation, obsession-compulsion, anxiety, mood, developmental, etc. A good way to tell if there is a case of abnormal psychology is anytime the behavior of an individual is causing problems in their life or is disruptive to them or other people. There are a number of perspectives used to treat abnormal psychology. Three main perspectives are: behavioral, medical, and cognitive. The behavioral perspective focuses on the observable behaviors. The medical perspective focuses on biological causes on the mental illness. The cognitive perspective focuses on how their internal thoughts and reasoning contribute to the psychological disorders.

Effect of Short Range Correlation

Effect of Short Range Correlation The effect of short range correlation on the nuclear charge density distribution, elastic and inelastic electron scattering coulomb form factors of 16O nucleus Abdullah S. Mdekil Abstract The effect of the short range correlation on the charge density disribution, elastic electron scattering form factors and inelastic Coulomb form factors is studied for the two excited states (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in is analyzed. This effect (which depends on the correlation parameter) is inserted into the ground state charge density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function. The single particle harmonic oscillator wave function is used with an oscillator size parameter The parameters and are considered as free parameters, adjusted for each excited state separately so as to reproduce the experimental root mean square charge radius of In inelastic coulomb (longitidinal) form factors of 16O, two different models are employed for . In the first model (model A), is considered as a closed shell nucleus. Here, the model space in does not contribute to the transition charge density, because there are no protons outside the closed shell nucleus . In the second model (mo del B), the nucleus of is assumed as a core of with 2 protons and 2 neutrons move in and model space. It is found that the introduction of the effect of short range correlations is necessary for obtaining a remarkable modification in the calculated inelastic Coulomb form factors and considered as an essential for explanation the data amazingly throughout the whole range of considered momentum transfer. Keywords: charge density distribution, elastic charge form factors, inelastic longitudinal form factors, short range correlation. 1-Introduction Electron scattering provides more accurate information about the nuclear structure for example size and charge distribution. It provides important knowledge about the electromagnetic currents inside the nuclei. Electron scattering have been provided a good test for such evaluation since it is sensitive to the spatial dependence on the charge and current densities [1, 2, 3]. Depending on the electron scattering, one can distinguish two types of scattering: in the first type, the nucleus is left in its ground state, that is called elastic electron scattering while in the second type, the nucleus is left on its different excited states, this is called inelastic electron scattering [4, 5]. In the studies of Massen et al. [6-8], the factor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers [9-11] was utilized to derive an explicit form of the elastic charge form factor, truncated at the two-body term. This form, which is a sum of one- and two-body terms, depends on the harmonic oscillator parameter and the correlation parameter through a Jastrow-type correlation function [12]. This form is employed for the evaluation of the elastic charge form factors of closed shell nuclei and in an approximate technique (that is, for the expansion of the two-body terms in powers of the correlation parameter, only the leading terms had been kept) for the open and shell nuclei. Subsequently, Massen and Moustakidis [13] performed a systematic study of the effect of the SRC on and shell nuclei with entirely avoiding the approximation made in their earlier works outlined in [6-8] for the open shell nuclei. Explicit forms of elastic charge form factors and densities were found utilizing the fac tor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers and Jastrow correlation functions which introduce the SRC. These forms depends on the single particle wave functions and not on the wave functions of the relative motion of two nucleons as was the case of our previous works [14-20] and other works [6,21,22]. It is important to point out that all the above studies were concerned with the analysis of the effect of the SRC on the elastic electron scattering charge form factors of nuclei. There has been no detailed investigation for the effect of the SRC on the inelastic electron scattering form factors of nuclei. We thus, in the present work, perform calculations with inclusion this effect on the inelastic Coulomb form factors for closed shell nucleus. As a test case, the is considered in this study. To study the effect of SRC (which depends on the correlation parameter on the inelastic electron scattering charge form factors of considered nucleus, we insert this effect on the ground state charge density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function [12]. The single particle harmonic oscillator wave function is used in the present calculations with an oscillator size parameter The effect of SRC on the inelastic Coloumb form factors for the two excited states (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in is analyzed. 2. Theory Inelastic electron scattering longitudinal (Coulomb) form factor involves angular momentum and momentum transfer and is given by [23] (1) where and are the initial and final nuclear states (described by the shell model states of spin and isospin ), is the longitudinal electron scattering operator, is the center of mass correction (which removes the spurious states arising from the motion of the center of mass when shell model wave function is used), is the nucleon finite size correction and assumed to be the same for protons and neutrons, A is the nuclear mass number, is the atomic number and is the harmonic oscillator size parameter. The form factor of eq.(1) is expressed via the matrix elements reduced in both angular momentum and isospin [24] (2) where in eq. (2), the bracket ( ) is the three- symbol, where and are restricted by the following selection rule: (3) and is given by The reduced matrix elements in spin and isospin space of the longitudinal operator between the final and initial many particles states of the system including configuration mixing are given in terms of the one-body density matrix (OBDM) elements times the single particle matrix elements of the longitudinal operator [25] (4) where and label single particle states (isospin included) for the shell model space. The in eq. (4) is calculated in terms of the isospin-reduced matrix elements as [26] (5) where is the isospin operator of the single particle. (6) The model space matrix element, in eq. (6), is given by (7) where is the spherical Bessel function and is the model space transition charge density, expressed as the sum of the product of the times the single particle matrix elements, given by [26]. (8) Here, is the radial part of the harmonic oscillator wave function and is the spherical harmonic wave function. The core-polarization matrix element, in eq. (6), is given by (9) where is the core-polarization transition charge density which depends on the model used for core polarization. To take the core-polarization effects into consideration, the model space transition charge density is added to the core-polarization transition charge density that describes the collective modes of nuclei. The total transition charge density becomes (10) According to the collective modes of nuclei, the core polarization transition charge density is assumed to have the form of Tassie shape [27] (11) where is the proportionality constant given by [14] (12) which can be determind by adusting the reduced transition probability to the experimental value, and is the ground state charge density distribution of considered nuclei. For the ground state charge densities of closed shell nuclei may be related to the ground state point nucleon densities by [28, 29] (13) in unit of electronic charge per unit volume (e.fm-3). An expression of the correlated density (where the effect of the SRCs is included), consists of one- and two-body terms, is given by [13] (14) where is the normalization factor and is the one body density operator given by (15) The correlated density of eq. (14), which is truncated at the two-body term and originated by the factor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers [10-12], depends on the correlation parameter through the Jastrow-type correlation (16) where is a state-independent correlation function, which has the following properties: for large values of and for It is so clear that the effect of SRCs, inserted by the function becomes large for small values of SRC parameter and vice versa. The one-body term, in eq. (14), is well known and given by (17) where is the occupation probability of the state and is the radial part of the single particle harmonic oscillator wave function. The two-body term, in eq. (14), is given by [13] (18) where (19) The form of the two-body term is then originated by expanding the factor in the spherical harmonics and expressed as [13] (20) where (21) and is the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. It is important to point out that the expressions of eqs. (17) And (20) are originated for closed shell nuclei with where the occupation probability is 0 or 1. To extend the calculations for isotopes of closed shell nuclei, the correlated charge densities of these isotopes are characterized by the same expressions of eqs. (17) and (20) (this is because all isotopic chain nuclei have the same atomic number but this time different values for the parameters and are utilized. The mean square charge radii of nuclei are defined by (22) where the normalzation of the charge density distribution is given by (23) 3-Results and discussion The ground state CDD is calculated by eq.(13) together with eqs. (14), (17) and (20). The calculated CDD without (with) the effect of the SRC [i.e., when the correlation parameter is obtained by adjusting only the parameter (the two parameters and ) so as to reproduce the experimental root mean square (rms) charge radii of nuclei under study. The elastic electron scattering charge form factors which is simply the Fourier transform of the ground state CDD. In Fig. 1, we compare the calculated CDD [Fig. 1(a)] and elastic charge form factors [Fig. 1(b)] of with those of experimental data (the open circles). In Fig. 1, we compare the calculated CDD [Fig. 1 (a)] and elastic charge form factors [Fig. 1 (b)] of with those of experimental data (the open circles). The dashed curves are the calculated results without the inclusion of the effect of the SRC obtained with and fm. The solid curves are the calculated results with including the effect of the SRC obtained with fm-2 and fm. It is important to point out that the parameters and employed in the calculations of the dashed and solid curves are chosen so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radius of Fig. 1 (a) illustrates that the calculated CDD of the dashed curve (without the effect of the SRC) is in such a good agreement with that of the experimental data, and the solid curve (with the effect of the SRC) is not in such a good agreement with that of the experimental data, e specially in the central region ( fm) of the distributions. The inclusion of SRC has the feature of reducing the central region of the distribution as seen in the solid curve of this figure. Inspection to the Fig. 1 (b) gives an indication that the solid curve is better describing the experimental data than that of the dashed curve, particularly in the region of momentum transfer fm-1. The rms charge radius calculated with the above values of and is 2.621 fm, which is less than the experimental value by 0.097fm, which corresponds to a decrease of nearly 3.6 % of the experimental value. Fig. 1. The calculated CDD and elastic charge form factors are compared with those of experimental data. The dashed curve corresponds to the values for the parameters and fm, the solid curve corresponds to the values for the parameters fm-2 and fm while the open circles and the triangles in Figs. 1 (a) and 1 (b) are the experimental data taken from [30] and [31], respectively. The effect of the SRC on the inelastic Coulomb form factors is studied for the two excited states (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in. Core polarization effects are taken into consideration by means of the Tassie model [eq. (11)], where this model depends on the ground state charge density distribution. The proportionality constant [eq. (12)] is estimated by adjusting the reduced transition probability to the experimental value. The effect of the SRC is incorporated into the ground state charge density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function [12]. The single particle harmonic oscillator wave function is employed with an oscillator size parameter The charge density distribution calculated without the effect of the SRC depends only on one free parameter (namely the parameter), where is chosen in such away so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radii of considered nuclei. The charge density distribution calculated with the effect of the SRC depends on two free parameters (namely the harmonic oscillator size parameter and the correlation parameter), where these parameters are adjusted for each excited state separately so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radii of considered nuclei. Two different models are employed for. In the first model (model A), is considered as a closed shell nucleus. In this model, the proton occupation probabilities in are assumed to be and Here, the model space in does not contribute to the transition charge density [i.e. ], because there are no protons outside the closed shell nucleus . Accordingly, the Coloumb form factors of come entirely from the core polarization transition charge density. In the second model (model B), the nucleus of is assumed as a core of with 2 protons and 2 neutrons move in and model space. In this model, the proton occupation probabilities in are assumed to be and Here, the total transition charge density [eq. (10)] comes from both the model space and core polarization transition charge densities. The OBDM elements of are generated, via the shell model code OXBASH [32], using the REWIL [33] as a realistic effective interaction in the isospin formalism for 4 particles move in the and model spac e with a core. In Table 1, the experimental excitation energies (MeV), experimental reduced transition probabilities (fm) and the chosen values for the parameters and for each excited state (used in the calculations of model A and B) in and are displayed. The root mean square (rms) charge radius calculated in both models with the effect of SRC is also displayed in this table and compared with that of experimental result. It is evident from this table that the values of the parameter employed for calculations with the effect of SRC are smaller than that of without SRC ( fm) . This is attributed to the fact that the introduction of SRC leads to enlarge the relative distance of the nucleons (i.e., the size of the nucleus) whereas the parameter (which is proportional to the radius of the nucleus) should become smaller so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radius of the considered nuclei. Inelastic Coloumb form factors for different transitions in are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2. The calculated inelastic form factors obtained with model A are shown in the upper panel [Figs. 1(a)-2(a)] of the above figures whereas those obtained with model B are shown in the lower panel [Figs. 1(b)- 2(b)] of the above figures. It is obvious that all transitions considered in, presented in the above figures, are of an isoscalar character. Besides, the parity of them does not change. Here, the calculated inelastic form factors are plotted versus the momentum transfer and compared with those of experimental data. The dashed and solid curves are the calculated inelastic Coloumb form factors without and with the inclusion of the effect of the SRC, respectively. The open symbols are those of experimental data taken from [34, 35]. Table1. The experimental excitation energies and reduced transition probabilities, the chosen values for and as well as the rms charge radius calculated with the effect of the SRC of 16O. (fm) Model B Model A fm2L) (MeV) State (fm) (fm-2) (fm) (fm) (fm-2) (fm) [30] 2.704

The Four Steps Of Problem Solving Information Technology Essay

The Four Steps Of Problem Solving Information Technology Essay The initial problem that Mark Singleton was trying to resolve is the implementation of a CRM system to increase sales by raising the number of contacts relationship bankers were making and improving the tracking of these activities so that the bank could learn more from them. Also Singleton wanted a CRM system that places a great value on the person-to-person interactions between his relationship bankers and their customers and doesnt interfere with those interactions and diminishes the relationship bankers rapport with customers. In the problem-solving process which is especially valuable when we need to build new systems as a solution to a problem or set of problems the organization perceives it is facing. The problem in this case came from the management realization that the organization should take advantage of new opportunities to perform more effectively, but they didnt apply the four steps of problem solving. In the problem-solving process to system building, we would need to take the following four steps: (1) Define and understand the problem. (2) Develop alternative solutions. (3) Choose the best solution. (4) Implement the solution. Citizens National Bank CEO Mark Singleton achieved the first step with an outstanding performance in defining and understanding the problem for which they need to build a new system but he failed dramatically in applying the rest of the steps required by the problem-solving process to build a new system. Mr. Singleton did not devise, develop or try several alternative solutions before opting for a new CRM system to solve the problem of paper and manual work and replace it with a new information system to automate some of the bankers tasks. Because he did not develop alternative solutions, he couldnt choose the best solution which led to a failed implementation in the first solution. What was the business case for implementing a new system? What were some of the tangible benefits? What were some of the intangible benefits? Organizationally, Citizens National Bank of Texas is a private, full-service bank with headquarters in Waxahachie, Texas, and 200 employees that has operated independently since 1868. Citizens National Bank relies on personal, retail, and commercial customers and serves businesses and consumers in Ellis County and other nearby counties, primarily in communities with populations of 25,000 or less. Citizen National bank operates heavily manual and count on paper system in which sometimes a salesperson that left Citizens National could take records of customer interaction with him or her, leaving the bank with no information to maintain the relationship. The paper system also created too much information for Singleton and his branch managers to process effectively. So that the old paper system cannot support the large number of new customers and the annual grow at a rate of 12 percent. A major part of Citizen Nationals strategy for continuing growth was to implement customer relationship management (CRM) software. The CRM strategy targeted the banks two main contact points with customers: the banks call center and its sales force. The objectives of a solution for Citizens National Bank would be to reduce the amount of time, effort, and errors in the tracking of activities made by relationship bankers and to increase sales by raising the number of contacts relationship bankers were making and improving the tracking of these activities so that the bank could learn more from them. Tangible Benefits Increased productivity: Using a CRM system will enable relationship bankers to improve their tracking activities with customers, which in turn increase their productivity and give them ability to serve more customers. Lower operational costs: using electronic records will substantially reduce papers used and result in cost saving. Reduced workforce: this is will be the result of increasing bankers productivity to serve more customers, which in turn will considerably reduce the workforce required to handle the projected increase in sales. Reduced rate of growth in expenses Reduced facility costs: due to paper reduction, and workforce reduction. Intangible Benefits Improved organizational planning and flexibility: because the paper system created too much information for Singleton and his branch managers to process effectively. The CRM system will give them efficient information to make effective decisions. Improved decision making: having accurate information under executives and managers control will dramatically enhance the decision making. Improved operations: The CRM system will enable the bank to approve credit and loan applications more quickly. Improved asset utilization and improved resource control. More information available in a timely manner. Enhanced employee goodwill: because under the old paper system, a salesperson that left Citizens National could take records of customer interaction with him or her, leaving the bank with no information to maintain the relationship. Increased job satisfaction among employees. Higher client satisfaction: nothing will satisfy the customers more than getting a quick approvals and smooth transactions. Better corporate image: this is will result automatically from an increase in job satisfaction among employees and a higher client satisfaction. Why didnt the implementation of the Siebel CRM solution work out for Citizens National? What were the biggest factors? How would you classify these factors in terms of organization, technology, and people issues? I believe that the implementation of the Siebel CRM solution didnt work out for Citizens National because it was not the best solution that applies or fits into the defined problem; it didnt work out because it was not a result of a thorough selection that went through precise evaluation for multiple alternatives or solutions. The implementation failed for many factors, I will classify these factors in terms of organization, technology, and people issues Organization: the approach of Citizens National toward nearly all business functions, from tracking customer leads to generating reports about them, was very basic. The Siebel software was simply too rich in features. From the start, Citizens National had trouble getting the software to fit its rather straightforward, basic customer-lead tracking and reporting needs. With Siebel, we were spending way too much time turning off capabilities that we didnt need, Singleton explains. An example of functionality that didnt fit Citizens Nationals business model was Siebels capability for setting up customer support cases. While some large corporations may want to set up a support case with detailed complaint-tracking and resolution functions, the small bank had no use for it. Service complaints that come in to Citizens National are handled on the spot by its call center. For service inquiries that require a follow-up, such as a customer asking about the reordering of checks, the call-center representative schedules an activity by sending an e-mail to the employee who handles check orders. (Bartholomew, 2007) People: Employees found the software to be too complicated. They were surprised to learn, for example, that the system did not automatically generate potential business opportunities for customers on their records. Furthermore, bankers were not able to view multiple relationships between a customer and the bank on the same screen. The extra navigation was confusing and inefficient. The relationship bankers were the key employees; the system was intended to be of value to them, and, in turn, provide value to the bank. However, they found no incentive in the Siebel environment because their compensation was based on sales, and sales had become harder to make. Another issue was Siebels complexity. Citizens Nationals bankers found the system difficult to navigate. For instance, the banking representatives couldnt understand why an opportunity to make a loan to a particular customer wasnt listed under the customers record. You have to assign that opportunity to that person, explains Doug Furney, president and CEO of The Small Business Solution. If you dont make those relationships when entering the data, the opportunity wont appear under that customers record. Not everyone easily grasped this concept. (Bartholomew, 2007) Furney says the way the screens were laid out in Siebel, Citizens bankers had to flip back and forth between the various screens to identify different relationships that customers had with the bank. Understanding these relationships in the system was very confusing to their bankers, he says. As a result, the banks top sales representatives, who werent eager to change the way they did their work to fit the needs of the software, found Siebels learning curve too steep to negotiate. Citizens Nationals 16 relationship bankers never got over the ease-of-use problems that Siebel presented, Furney says. (Bartholomew, 2007) Deloittes Davis says that the Siebel implementation at Citizens National may have indeed failed because of a lack of buy-in from those expected to use it most-the relationship bankers. If the people using the system dont know whats in it for them and dont see the value of using it, then it will not work the way the company expected, Davis says. (Bartholomew, 2007) Technology: Citizens National experienced compatibility issues between the database formats in Siebel and those used by the banks core banking application, developed by Kirchman. As a result, the two systems had difficulty exchanging information properly. The bank was forced to spend a significant amount of time fixing such compatibility issues, which negatively impacted its ability to serve customers. Citizens National also had to deal with a raft of customization issues, often stemming from the differences between databases. Furney worked to integrate Siebel with Citizens Nationals core banking application. The bank uses banking software from Kirchman, whose vertical systems are used by numerous small and medium-size banks to process and track customers deposits, loans and trust accounts. Trying to get these two systems to talk was a challenge, he says. (Bartholomew, 2007) One basic difference was the way the core banking application set up its customer data fields. The Kirchman system did not have individual fields for both the customers first and last names, choosing instead to include the full name in a single field. By contrast, in Siebel, the customers first and last name each had a data field. Thats the kind of thing we ran into when we tried to marry data from these two different systems, Furney says. This kind of integration takes time, and customers dont realize how much time is required. (Bartholomew, 2007) Was QuickBase a better solution for Citizens National? If so, why? What factors suggest that the bank ended up with the right approach and the right choice of product? In my perspective, QuickBase was the best alternative solution that meets the requirements of Citizens National Bank for a new IT system that is an easy to use, capable of doing some tracking activities, and store the interactions between relationship bankers and their customers and doesnt interfere with those interactions and diminish the relationship bankers rapport with customers. QuickBase was designed for organizing, tracking, and sharing information among team members in the workplace while encouraging progress by notifying workers via automated e-mails of updated files, new task assignments, and approaching deadlines. Because QuickBase was not programmed as a specific business application, businesses could modify its database structure to meet specific business functions. One reason some small and medium-size companies, as well as groups within larger ones, are adopting QuickBase is its flexibility. Intended not just for customer management, QuickBase-which is actually more of an easily modified database than a full-fledged business application-can be harnessed for other business tasks. For example, Procter Gamble uses the system to track technology projects. Because its easy to use, runs online via any browser and doesnt require an I.T. professional to set up, the hosted application is finding its way into all kinds of businesses. (Bartholomew, 2007) There are many factors suggest that the bank ended up with the right approach and the right choice of product, some of these factors are: The Citizens National staffs were able to make changes to QuickBase themselves, so the costs of ownership and maintenance fees were much lower. QuickBase offered Citizens National flexibility that it did not have previously. Because the system was Web-based, the relationship bankers were able to use it anywhere that they had access to a browser. Relationship bankers and management received daily updated access to all interactions and transactions, enabling them to track business in a way that was never possible previously. For the first time, Citizens National was able to completely track sales opportunities and, as Singleton said, where we lost business, so we know where we need to make those extra 10 or 15 sales calls. Also central to the success of QuickBase at Citizens National was Furneys ability to integrate the system with the Kirchman core banking application. Furney configured QuickBase to upload new account information to the core system every night via an XML interface. For example, a banking representative can click on a commercial customers file and immediate see all the contacts that have been made with that customer by bank staff, any actions that were taken on the customers behalf, and the end result. Citizens National bank representatives use it to check on customers to see if there has been a follow-up call to a contact, whether a voice-mail message was left with the customer, who the salesperson was and the status of the contact. Its been an invaluable tool for us to keep track of our customers, Singleton adds. (Bartholomew, 2007) 5. Based on this case study, what kind of organization do you think would benefit from using the Siebel CRM package? Give an example of such an organization and justify your choice. You may use the Web to research your answer, including Oracles Web site. 6. Could Citizens National have made a better choice of software for its CRM system the first time around? Explain your answer.

E-commerce †the legal considerations Essay -- Computer Science

E-commerce – the legal considerations ===================================== There are lots of legal considerations and I've tried to include some of the main ones. Although e-commerce can mean a lot of things, here I've related it to actually selling items on a website (although a lot of the legal considerations would need to be considered even if you were not selling on the web. Data protection considerations ============================== The Data Protection Act lays down lots of rules that must be adhered to. If this is a website for a company that is already trading and keeps customer data then they should already be registered with the Information Commissioner but you may need to review what's been registered. The main points you need to consider is that for any data you collect on the site you must:  · Deal fairly with the info  · Tell the customer what data you collect  · Tell them what you are going to do with it  · Keep it safe and secure This should be set out in the website's terms and conditions (and you should link to it at the main point where you collect the data) Website terms and conditions ---------------------------- The site must have comprehensive terms and conditions and you will need to link to these wherever applicable (eg if you are selling there should be a check box that the consumer ticks to say "I have read the terms and conditions etc etc". Things the terms and conditions should contain include:  · Data protection act considerations (as explained above)  · Terms and conditions of use including copyright notice, general disclaimer, liabilities (or non-liabilities – especially in terms of credit card fraud)  · Full name, address, email etc of the trader, VAT number, Company number, member of trade organisation (if you are selling)  · A clear privacy policy explaining what you do with information collected on the site. This privacy policy must also set out if you use cookies on the site and what you use them for. This is all topical at the moment with the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regs 2003  · A clear "conditions of sale" which includes details of when the contract is actually formed (ie the order represents the offer and the email back confirming dispatch represents the acceptance) - avoid any mistakes like the Argos TV for  £3.99  · Clear returns policy .. ... encouraging more internet sales. At the same time, credit card companies are including "credit card fraud" insurance, again reassuring consumers Mobile connectivity =================== Handheld PDA, WAP services and wireless hotspots are all making web access easier Intelligent sites and targeted marketing ======================================== Sites are becoming more technologically advanced allowing companies to target customers with specific products depending on their recorded preferences or previous buying habits. One of the best examples of this is Amazon who instantly provide other book recommendations based on your purchase or on the purchases of other customers who bought the same book. Similar data collection also allows companies to do targeted email campaigns ensuring the right product is marketed to the right person (well that's the intention anyway!!) This practice is being taken one step further with Googles planned g-mail which will automatically scan the content of a users personal emails and then deliver further targeted mails based on their content (but which is subject to a lot of criticism at the moment about privacy rights)

Comparison Of Marcus Garvey And David Duke Essay example -- essays res

Racial issues have always been debated and followed by many people throughout the history of America and will continue to be for a long time. Along with these debates come movements and with movements come leaders. Two well-known leaders of racially driven movements are Marcus Garvey and David Duke. Garvey was a black man looking to forward his fellow black man’s financial state and living conditions, and he became a leader for his movement. Duke is a white man who feels that with all of the racial diversity in this country the white race is being mistreated and destroyed, and became a leader for a more extreme group of believers. These two extraordinary men can be compared and contrasted with respect to their groups, views, and faults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, both of these men were known for their participation in racial interest groups. Marcus Garvey founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The objectives of the UNIA were to promote racial pride, create colleges and universiteies for blacks, and establish world-wide commercial ventures. (Rogoff 67). Garvey founded the UNIA because during his frequent ravels he observed that black people were being mistreated, especially when it came to work. He observed the inferior status of black workers around the world. In an attempt to help relieve the plight of these workers he founded the UNIA. The UNIA was, in fact, the first, dominant black interest group, even before the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In just a few years after it was founded in 1914, the UNIA had four million members in 1920 and six million in 1923. David Duke’s famous interest group was the infamous Ku Klux Klan. Duke became a member of the K KK when he was only a teenager. He quickly became the Imperial Wizard of the Klan, the highest ranking official. What Duke brought to the Klan was a new, charming, intellectual personality. He wanted to change the stereotypical view of a rowdy, unintelligent redneck Klansman. Under his leadership many new people joined the Klan thinking that it was now respectable with Duke at the Helm. While he is not still with the Klan now, he left an impression in that group that will never be forgotten. Both Garvey’s and Duke’s affiliation with interest groups helped draw attention to not only the group but also t... ...itical experts thought he would be. The downfall for Duke’s political success was his notorious past. He had been associated with many ill-famed groups such as the Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan as a young man. In an event that would haunt his political career forever, he marched around in his Nazi uniform at LSU in a student protest. While now he regrets doing that and blaming it on his immaturity and youth, he will never live it down. His opponents use his Klan affiliation and Nazi Party affiliation against him in every election. Like Garvey, he had a fault that kept him from achieving his goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marcus Garvey and David Duke were both very extraordinary people with unique ideas and contributions. While being totally different people and races they held many of the same viewpoints. Each man had his own way of expressing his ideas and each was well known for his stand. Each man envisioned a better world for both races. They saw peace and tranquillity within mankind, but each man had a different view of how it would get that way. These men’s goals, when looked at objectively are not all bad. They just wanted what they felt was best.

Baby Thesis

(Baby Thesis) Factors that can affect a student's academic performance Submitted By: Rose Ann J. Soltes Submitted To: Michael Rey C. Bucol Introduction When students earn a below average grade on a test or a report card, it does not necessarily mean that they did not study hard enough. There are many intelligent children who do not perform well in school, not because they cannot comprehend classroom lessons, but because of external factors that affect their academic success   Waking up early for school has recently been acknowledged as a reason why students are not performing to the best of their ability.Sleepy students are less likely to pay attention to their teachers. Published an article in 2006, which discusses a study regarding the start time. Across the country, schools on average begin around 7:30AM. However, the study, led by a CAD. IT teachers, discovered that students perform better later in the day for biological reasons. The article states that specific high schools th at started later saw an improvement in their students’ academic achievement simply because they were able to wake up later. The extent of student’s learning in academics may bedetermined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has beendone.It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If alearner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned alot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been an interplay of so many factors – gender, IQ, study habits, age, year  level, parent’s educational attainment, social status, number of siblings, birthorder, etc.In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factorsare a variable of academic performance. However, at this point in time, theresearchers wo uld like to investigate the possible relationship of study habitsand the factors affecting it to the academic achievement of under graduate. Theinvestigation of on this area thus becomes a real and compelling motivationfor the researchers to conduct this study. Statement of the Problem This study intended to find out the factors affecting the study habits of  undergraduate CAD. IT students.It also aimed to answer the following questions: 1) What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1. 1 Time management 1. 2 Learning Skills 1. 3 Study Skills 2) What extent of influence did the independent variables have on studentstudy habits? 3) Did the independent variables significantly influence students studyhabits? Recommendation The researchers believes that students, particularly CAD. IT will be benefited from the findings of this study since the study provides basis for awareness and better understanding of how their current study habits affected their academic performance.Likew ise gives them a morefocused and clear perspective on how the specific behaviours related totheir studies influenced study habits. Consequently, this awareness alsogives a much deeper understanding of their selves as students consideringthat the college life is typically beset of developmental adjustment demands. School administrators-like subject area coordinators, may also beguided in the formulation of future modification of educational policies,curriculum and strategies toward a more effective delivery of learning. Teachers- will also be help in understanding better the diversity of  learning of their students.As such, it is hoped that they could develop more effective methodologies in teaching their subject matter. Guidance and Counselling Centre-will also be help by this studythrough providing a more focused and factual knowledge on the factorsaffecting students study habits. This increased the understanding of theGuidance Counsellors on the interplay of the variables studie d in thisresearch. Such knowledge is hoped to help the Guidance and Counselling practitioners towards the development and implementation of more effective programs in consideration of these variables. Research SettingsThe study will be conducted inside the computer aided design and information technology (CAD. IT) Data Gathering The researchers will ask permission from the administration office to allow the student to answer the questionnaire. The answering of the questionnaire will be done in the CAD. IT intitution. Answered questionaires then, will be gather, responses coded andwill be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability. These students name will then be deleted from the list of the total population so asnot to include them again in the selection of the sample population.Instruments Use Self- developed questionnaire composed of 10 items questions will be use to measure Study Habits of CAD. IT Students. Survey Questionnaire on Study Habits Name_______ ________________ Course ;Year______________  Age______Gender_______  Date________________ Direction: Please put check (v) on the space that corresponds to what you  are actually doing, thinking, and feeling regarding the statement. There are noright and wrong answers to this questionnaire. Rest assured that your  answers will be treated in strictest and will be used only for this study. . What is your gender? Male _____ Female ______ 2. What year are you in college? 1styear ____ 2nd year ______ 3rd year _____ 4th year ______ 3. What is your average grade? A _____ A- ______ B______ B- ______ C______ D ______ 4. How far in advance do you start studying for finals? One month ____ Two weeks______ One week _____ Daysbefore_____  The night before_______ 5. What time of day do you do the most studying? Morning (6 a. m. to noon _____ Afternoon (noon to 6 p. m. ) _____  Evening (6 p. m. to 9 p. m. ) _____ Night (9 p. . to 12 a. m. ) _____  Late night (12 a. m. to 6 a. m. ) ____ _ 6. On average, how many hours do you study for finals? 20-24 hours ______ 15-19 hours_______10-14 hours _______ 5-9 hours  ________  1-4 hours _________ 7. What is your favorite way to study? Repeating points out loud _____ Writing index/flash cards, then usingthem_______  Writing outlines _______ Highlighting text ______ Studying in agroup__________   Going to review sessions ______ Other, please describe :  ________________ 8. Where is your favorite place to study?Dorm room _____ Bedroom _______ Dorm common room/lounge  _______  Library ______ Coffee shop _______ Parents’ home ______ Campuspub/bar _____  Student union _______ Other, please describe: _______________ 9. What is your favorite study break? Exercise _______ Watching TV/movie ____Surfing the Internet _______  Napping _________ Socializing ______ Playing video games ________  Praying/meditating ______ Other, please describe: _______________ 10. Do you feel increased stress or anxiety leading up to exam time? Yes ____ No _____   CONCLUSION

Doing Business in Russia & Czech Republic Essay

When assessing the market for investment it is also important to be able to identify what risks are presented by these markets. As this project requires a $100 million investment it is crucial here to be able to have a steady economic and political environment to carry out the operations of the business. As of 2004, the Russian government has taken a strong control of the legislation in the region. The government has either help up or has cancelled several big American projects. The new legislation also tends to weaken the rights of the shareholders. Moreover Russia has not been cooperating with the United State in terms of energy agreements. This makes the country and its legal and political associations hostile towards business which is derived form the United States. This along with the political uncertainty in the region makes the investment climate in Russia very unpredictable and unfavorable. However despite this investment in the economy has been growing. Most of this has come from the FMCG and consumer goods sector. The advantage of conducting business and investing in this region would be benefiting from the high standards of technical education and training. However, by investing in this country the business will have to face and combat corruption at every level. Conducting business in the Czech Republic offers problems in the short term related to compatibility issues, registration of the business as well as adaptation to the culture and environment in the region. However the benefit of investing in this region would be benefiting from the tolerance and cooperation characteristics of the work force which enable the country to be economically successful in the long run. The unemployment rate n the country has decreased and the country is moving towards advancement presenting as a favorable market for investing in a business or operations in this region. According to the analysis of the two countries that has been conducted, it would be more feasible and economically viable to invest in the Czech Republic as compared to Russia.